We argue that researchers need to comprehend phenomenological underpinnings and be guided by these in the research process. The aim of this paper was to discuss how to understand and undertake thematic analysis based on descriptive phenomenology. Thus, meanings found from participants experiences are described in a meaningful text organized in themes. Description TA as a method was first developed by Gerald Holton, a physicist and historian of science, in the 1970s (Merton, 1975 ). Still, the clarity regarding approaches for thematic analysis is not yet fully described in the literature and only a few papers describe thematic analysis (Ho, Chiang, & Leung, 2017; Vaismoradi, Turunen, & Bondas, 2013). With a reflective attitude, the researcher needs to shift from the ordinary natural understanding of everyday life to a more self‐reflective and open stance towards the data (Dahlberg et al., 2008). It is concerned with the identification and analysis of patterns of meaning (themes) and constitutes a widely applicable, cost-effective and flexible tool for exploratory research. Upload PDF . These methodological principles, related to ontological and epistemological foundations of phenomenology, are suggested to guide the research process, particularly the analysis. The lifeworld is crucial and becomes the starting point for understanding lived experiences. Underlying themes or issues in data are identified and form the basis for theory. It also includes questioning the understanding of data (Dahlberg & Dahlberg, 2003). Thematic analysis is a widely used method of analysis in qualitative research. Therefore, thematic analysis can be used to develop taxonomies or classifications about a phenomenon . This is a discursive article on thematic analysis based on descriptive phenomenology. AS, EL, CN, LP: Made substantial contributions to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; involved in drafting the manuscript or revising it critically for important intellectual content; given final approval of the version to be published and each author should have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content; and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. It may be difficult to find a single paper that can guide researchers and students in doing thematic analysis in phenomenology. Defining Romantic Self-Sabotage: A Thematic Analysis of Interviews With Practising Psychologists - Volume 10. The following articles are merged in Scholar. Defining Romantic Self-Sabotage: A Thematic Analysis of Interviews With Practising Psychologists - Volume 10 Skip to main content Accessibility help We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Their, This "Cited by" count includes citations to the following articles in Scholar. The thematic analysis in this paper uses a descriptive approach with focus on lived experience, which refers to our experiences of the world. Reflexivity is strictly connected to previously described methodological principles of a reflective attitude and questioning one's pre‐understanding. Hereby follows our discussion on scientific quality in terms of validity and rigour in the thematic analysis process. It involves researcher engaging in the data and the analysis. Phenomenology consists of a complex philosophical tradition in human science, containing different concepts interpreted in various ways. Questions remain regarding how thematic analysis can be further clarified and used based on descriptive phenomenology. Intentionality is also linked to our natural attitude. Furthermore, well ... Google Scholar 4. Working off-campus? Berman J. Crowdfunding site GoFundMe won’t let crowds fund abortions. Another commonly used approach to thematic analysis is the method presented in the psychology literature by Braun and Clarke (2006). In striving for an awareness of the natural attitude, a reflective attitude becomes imperative. Quality of Life after Spinal Cord Injury: A Multiple Case Study Examination of Elite Athletes. Thematic analysis is an apt qualitative method that can be used when working in research teams and analyzing large qualitative data sets. The goal is to illuminate novel information rather than confirm what is already known while keeping the study aim in mind. Among projective tests, it is often cited as the second-most-widely used in clinical practice, behind only the Rorschach Inkblot Test. The understanding of lived experiences is closely linked to the idea of the intentionality of consciousness, or how meaning is experienced. Increasingly, retirees are returning to work, in paid, and unpaid positions, in a part-time or full-time capacity, as an act of re-engagement. Furthermore, information is needed on the setting so the reader can understand the context of the findings. The following articles are merged in Scholar. Google Scholar], constitutes urgent public health challenges worldwide. In this fully updated and expanded second edition, Carol Grbich provides a guide through current issues in the analysis of qualitative data. Thus, researchers must strive to maintain an attitude that includes the assumption that hitherto the researcher does not know the participants experience and the researcher wants to understand the studied phenomenon in a new light to make invisible aspects of the experience become visible. To summarize, methodological principles have been described in terms of emphasizing openness, questioning pre‐understanding and adopting a reflective attitude, which are three related concepts. Our step-by-step approach provides a detailed descriptionandpragmaticapproachtoconductathematicanal-ysis. The analysis is aimed to try to understand the complexity of meanings in the data rather than measure their frequency. At this point, findings are written and rewritten. and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account. Malterud (2001) claims that multiple researchers might strengthen the study since they can give supplementary views and question each other's statements, while an independent researcher must find other strategies. Hence, researchers define PBS as “the scientific study of behavior change, using the principles of behavior, to evoke or elicit a targeted behavioral change” (Furman and Lepper, 2018, p. 104) in people with challenging behaviors. What can “thematic analysis” offer health and wellbeing researchers? The term validity is typically used in relation to quantitative methods; however, qualitative researchers claim that the term is suitable in all paradigms as a generic term implying whether the research conclusions are sound, just and well‐founded (Morse, 2015; Whittemore, Chase, & Mandle, 2001). Thematic analysis is “a method for identifying, analyzing and reporting patterns within data” commonly used in qualitative research . CrossRef Google Scholar Using thematic analysis in sport and exercise research V Braun, V Clarke, P Weate … Useful approaches are required to provide researchers and students guidance in the process of thematic analysis. We argue that meaning‐oriented themes can contribute to robust qualitative research findings. A prospective analysis of near-death experiences in cardiac arrest patients. The themes generated from thematic analysis were (1) The notions of hope, (2) The sources and barriers of hope and (3) The contents of hope. From this point of view, there are no needs for interpretations of these meanings, although this may be argued differently in interpretive phenomenology. Students’ Social Construction of Knowledge through Cooperative Learning. Van Lommel P, Van Wees R, Meyers V, Elfferich I. When striving for openness, researchers need to question their pre‐understanding, which means identifying and becoming aware of preconceptions that might influence the analysis. Another way to maintain reflexivity is comparing the original data with the descriptive text of themes derived. However, the researcher also needs to move between being close to and distant from the data. Christopher O’Donnell . Rolfe (2006) states that scientific rigour can be judged based on how the research is presented for the reader and appraising research lies with both the reader and the writer of the research. Routledge. Still, it is important that the findings move between concrete expressions and descriptive text on meanings of lived experiences. ‪Associate Professor in Qualitative and Critical Psychology, University of the West of England‬ - ‪Cited by 108,030‬ - ‪Qualitative research‬ - ‪thematic analysis‬ - ‪sexuality‬ - ‪gender‬ - ‪family‬ We argue that meaning‐oriented themes can contribute to robust qualitative research findings. M Vaismoradi, H Turunen, T BondasContent analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study Nurs Health Sci, 15 (3) (2013), pp. As humans, we always have such a pre‐understanding or prejudice and Gadamer (2004) posits this is the tradition of our lived context and emphasizes that our tradition has a powerful influence on us. Journal of Nursing & Health Sciences, 15, 398 - 405 . Therefore, we hope this paper contributes to the understanding of phenomenological underpinnings and methodological principles of thematic analysis based on descriptive phenomenology. While the thematic analysis in this paper focuses on how to organize patterns of meaning into themes, some would argue that an essential, general structure of meaning, rather than fragmented themes, is preferred (van Wijngaarden, Meide, & Dahlberg, 2017) and that such an essential meaning structure is a strength. Particularly, reflexivity must involve questioning the understanding of data and themes derived. This paper reports on the use of this type of analysis in systematic reviews to bring together and integrate the findings of multiple qualitative studies. With this paper, we hope to clarify some important methodological stances related to the thematic analysis of meaning from lived experiences that are grounded in descriptive phenomenology and useful to teachers and researchers in nursing and midwifery. In this paper, a method for thematic analysis based on phenomenology has been outlined. 2 Thematic analysis is not bound to a specific methodology and clear steps in the analytical process have been described. However, one must be reflective and critical towards the data, as well as how to understand meanings from the data. Reasons why Dutch novice nurses leave nursing: A qualitative approach. From the carer's mouth: A phenomenological exploration of carer experiences with head and neck cancer patients. The analysis contains a search for patterns of meanings being further explored and determining how such patterns can be organized into themes. Similarly, the process of analysis can be challenging to comprehend. Using thematic analysis in sport and exercise research, Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis, In search of (better) sexual pleasure: female genital ‘cosmetic’surgery, Thefair deal'? Nothing is taken for granted, and the researcher must be careful and thoughtful during this part of the process. Retirement can no longer be conceptualized as disengagement, as the end of a person’s career, as it is in the life-span, life-space theory. While reading, meanings corresponding to the study's aim are marked. Transferability refers to the usefulness and relevance of the findings. Learn about our remote access options, Faculty of Caring Science, Work Life and Social Welfare, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden. This approach can be useful for teachers and researchers in nursing and midwifery. CrossRef Google Scholar It provides a systematic element to data analysis. To begin the analysis, the researcher needs to achieve familiarity with the data through open‐minded reading. Thus, clarity regarding methodological principles used becomes necessary. The thematic analysis approach described in this paper is inductive. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 6, 100 – 110 . The ones marked * may be different from the article in the profile. Learn more. Accordingly, researchers need to recognize personal beliefs, theories or other assumptions that can restrict the researcher's openness. This paper reports on the use of this type of analysis in systematic reviews to bring together and integrate the findings of multiple qualitative studies. Try again later. This view can help to answer questions about how the words ‘within’ each topic relate to each other, as well as about how the topic relates to other relevant metadata—such as author, editor, or place of publication—not just time ( Brown et al. If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, ‪Professor in Applied Psychology, University of Huddersfield‬ - ‪Cited by 19,688‬ - ‪Qualitative methods‬ - ‪collaborative working‬ - ‪experiences of illness‬ - ‪human interaction with nature‬ The ones marked * may be different from the article in the profile. This means the researcher should question the findings instead of taking them for granted. This study used thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke, 2006). Through the analysis, details and aspects of meaning are explored, requiring reading and a reflective writing. There is no consensus on which concepts should be used regarding validity in qualitative and phenomenological research. Google Scholar | … Navigating Life with HIV as an Older Adult in South African Communities: A Phenomenological Study. Phenomenological underpinnings may, however, be difficult to understand and apply in the research process. Thematic analysis is a method that is often used to analyse data in primary qualitative research. The analysis begins with data that needs to be textual and aims to organize meanings found in the data into patterns and, finally, themes. Questioning can help researchers become aware of their pre‐understanding and set aside previous assumptions about the phenomenon (Dahlberg et al., 2008). Graham K. MacDonald De THEMATIC ANALYSIS Unsatisfied with the limitations imposed by any one particular martial art, Bruce Lee developed his own composite fighting style, which he called “Jeet Kune Do” ( the way of the intercepting fist). Credibility and reflexivity are not totally distinct but are correlated with each other. Email address for updates. No conflict of interest has been declared by the authors. Thematic analysis (TA) is a data analysis strategy that is a commonly used approach across all qualitative designs and is the subject of this methodology review. We also take for granted that the world exists independently of us. Dr Gareth Terry . Transferability is a measure of whether the findings are sound and if the study adds new knowledge to what is already known. Meanings are organized into patterns and, finally, themes. Huffington Post; 2014. New citations to this author. The objectives of this analysis are; i) to identify the Kansei Words (KWs) and their perceived affect, and ii) to classify the positive and negative emotions and items and categories of the selected videos – based on the expert’s justifications and perspectives. This required the transcription of interview recordings and followed coding stages. This "Cited by" count includes citations to the following articles in Scholar. There is a need for understandable guidelines to take thematic analysis forward. Questioning involves attempting to set aside one's experiences and assumptions as much as possible and means maintaining a critical stance and reflecting on the understanding of data and the phenomenon. Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Search Google Scholar for this author, Christopher O’Donnell 2. Methodological principles to guide the process of analysis are offered grounded on phenomenological philosophy. Article Google Scholar 12. Instead of using bracketing, our intention is to build on questioning as a representative way to describe what something means. When understanding the meaning of lived experiences, we need to be aware of the lifeworld, our bodily being in the world and how we interact with others. New citations to this author. Google Scholar | Crossref Top. Otherwise, the researcher risks describing his or her own pre‐understanding instead of the participants' experiences. Nursing assistants’ experiences of administering manual restraint for compulsory nasogastric feeding of young persons with anorexia nervosa. The writing up of the themes is aimed to outline meanings inherent in the described experiences. Nurses and midwives conducting qualitative research on lived experiences need robust methods to ensure high quality in health care to benefit patients, childbearing women and their families. Overall, the process of analysis can be complex and the researcher needs to be flexible. Participants This study included all fifty-five third-year medical students enrolled in the graduating class of 2019 (the second … Emphasizing openness, questioning pre‐understanding and adopting a reflective attitude were identified as important methodological principles that can guide researchers throughout the analysis and help uphold scientific rigour and validity. It has been stressed that strategies are needed to ensure rigour and validity; such strategies must be built into the research process and not solely evaluated afterwards (Cypress, 2017). Questions researchers need to ask themselves in relation to validity when conducting a thematic analysis are presented in Figure 2. A prerequisite for the analysis is that it includes data on lived experiences, such as interviews or narratives. … Google Scholar. ), Routledge handbook of qualitative research in sport and exercise (pp. 2002;20(4):215–32. Faithful descriptions of meanings usually need more than a single word, and the writing is important. Follow this author. Credibility lies in both the methodology and in the presentation of findings. Openness involves being observant, attentive and sensitive to the expression of experiences (Dahlberg et al., 2008). Moreover, the analysis must be guided by openness. Thematic Analysis is considered the most appropriate for any study that seeks to discover using interpretations. In the ontological and epistemological foundations of descriptive phenomenology, some methodological principles can be recognized and how these are managed throughout the research process. The philosophy of phenomenology is the study of a phenomenon, for example something as it is experienced (or lived) by a human being that means how things appear in our experiences. This is an open‐ended reading that puts the principle of openness into practice with the intention of opening one's mind to the text and its meanings. Phenomenological studies have been criticized for lacking in clarity on philosophical underpinnings (Dowling & Cooney, 2012; Norlyk & Harder, 2010). Google Scholar. It is also - according to Google Scholar - the most cited academic paper published in 2006. For example, a birthing woman's experience of pain or caregiving as it is experienced by a nurse. While the thematic analysis in this paper focuses on how to organize patterns of meaning into themes, some would argue that an essential, general structure of meaning, rather than fragmented themes, is preferred (van Wijngaarden, Meide, & Dahlberg, 2017) and that such an essential meaning structure is a strength. Braun and Clarke (2006) state that thematic analysis is a foundational method of analysis that needed to be defined and described to solidify its place in qualitative research. 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