[145] Another enemy platoon, including six vehicles, was reported as being to the northeast of the Task Force. One of the West's main concerns was the significant threat Iraq posed to Saudi Arabia. Egypt received approximately $7 billion in debt forgiveness for its providing of support and troops for the US-led intervention. Described here are the details of the tremendous logistical challenges, innovations in intelligence, ground combat operations from platoon to division, and a wide range of combat support operations. The US was concerned with Iraq's position on Israeli–Palestinian politics. It sent a destroyer, ARA Almirante Brown (D-10), a corvette, ARA Spiro (P-43) (later replaced by another corvette, ARA Rosales (P-42)) and a supply ship, ARA Bahía San Blas (B-4) to participate on the United Nations blockade and sea control effort of the Persian Gulf. The 36th TFW would be responsible for 11 confirmed Iraqi Air Force aircraft shot down during the war. During the Gulf War, more than 200,000 Palestinians fled Kuwait during the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait due to harassment and intimidation by Iraqi security forces,[237] in addition to getting fired from work by Iraqi authority figures in Kuwait. Chuck Horner, Commander of US and allied air operations, has written: [By February 26], the Iraqis totally lost heart and started to evacuate occupied Kuwait, but airpower halted the caravan of Iraqi Army and plunderers fleeing toward Basra. '"[204], The US Department of Defense reports that US forces suffered 148 battle-related deaths (35 to friendly fire[213]), with one pilot listed as MIA (his remains were found and identified in August 2009). The cost of the war to the United States was calculated by the US Congress in April 1992 to be $61.1 billion[265] (equivalent to $102 billion in 2019). [159] Task Force 1-41 Infantry elements dismounted and prepared to engage the enemy soldiers who occupied these well-prepared and heavily fortified bunkers. During a speech in a special joint session of the US Congress given on 11 September 1990, US President George Bush summed up the reasons with the following remarks: "Within three days, 120,000 Iraqi troops with 850 tanks had poured into Kuwait and moved south to threaten Saudi Arabia. [144] On 16 February 1991 several groups of Iraqi vehicles appeared to be performing reconnaissance on the Task Force and were driven away by fire from 4–3 FA. Iraqi government in 2009 was reported to buy 2000 more T72 tanks from Russia Lion of Babylon (tank) Iraq: 100: M-84/M-84A Yugoslavia: 9: Chieftain Mk-5P United Kingdom 75: Vickers MBT Mk1 United Kingdom 75: M47M Patton On the ground, special operations forces also infiltrated Iraq, tasked with locating and destroying Scuds - including the ill-fated Bravo Two Zero patrol of the SAS. This volume by veteran Osprey author Gordon L. Rottman focuses on the structure, equipment, effectiveness, and employment of the 680,000 coalition troops which fought in the Gulf War, covering not only the US forces, but also those of ... Within 12 hours, most resistance had ended within Kuwait, and the royal family had fled, allowing Iraq to control most of Kuwait. Members of British Special Air Service Bravo Two Zero were captured while providing information about an Iraqi supply line of Scud missiles to coalition forces. "[201] The exact number of Iraqi combat casualties is unknown, but is believed to have been heavy. The French called their contribution Opération Daguet. [149] The 1st Infantry Division's 5th Battalion, 16th Infantry also played a significant role clearing the trenches and captured 160 Iraqi soldiers in the process. We know that you can harm us although we do not threaten you. In the video, he asks a young British boy, Stuart Lockwood, whether he is getting his milk, and goes on to say, through his interpreter, "We hope your presence as guests here will not be for too long. Aircraft Battle Damage Repair. The M728 CEV is based on a modified M60A1 main battle tank chassis. By February 27, talk had turned toward terminating the hostilities. Normally that would not be any of our business. Kuwait was free. [62] According to Michael Knights, a high estimate shows the Iraqi Army capable of fielding one million men and 850,000 reservists, 5,500 tanks, 3,000 artillery pieces, 700 combat aircraft and helicopters; it held 53 divisions, 20 special-forces brigades, and several regional militias, and had a strong air defense. Most sunken tanks were on cargo ships and had never been in action. War in the persian Gulf Operations Desert shielD and Desert storm august 1990-March 1991 In the early morning hours of 2 August 1990, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein launched an overwhelming invasion of tiny, oil-rich Kuwait. Yemen had a cost of $830 million, 10% of GDP, while it cost Jordan $1.8 billion, 32% of GDP. But repeated American statements last year made it apparent that America did not regard us as friends. During the conflict, coalition aircrew shot down over Iraq were displayed as prisoners of war on TV, most with visible signs of abuse. The British Army's contribution to the international coalition force was based upon 1st Armoured Division. Iraqi forces in Khafji had 60–300 dead and 400 captured. (Not a guarantee that all were used in combat or in theatre during the war. Today, the stolen banknotes are a collectible for numismatists. 30 years ago, thousands of tanks faced off on a desert battlefield. Shortly after the Iraqi invasion, US Defense Secretary Dick Cheney made the first of several visits to Saudi Arabia where King Fahd requested US military assistance. By 1988, at the end of the Iran–Iraq war, the Iraqi Army was the world's fourth largest army, consisting of 955,000 standing soldiers and 650,000 paramilitary forces in the Popular Army. They deliberately did great harm to Iraq's ability to support itself as an industrial society ..."[242] In the Jan/Feb 1995 edition of Foreign Affairs, French diplomat Eric Rouleau wrote: "[T]he Iraqi people, who were not consulted about the invasion, have paid the price for their government's madness ... Iraqis understood the legitimacy of a military action to drive their army from Kuwait, but they have had difficulty comprehending the Allied rationale for using air power to systematically destroy or cripple Iraqi infrastructure and industry: electric power stations (92 percent of installed capacity destroyed), refineries (80 percent of production capacity), petrochemical complexes, telecommunications centers (including 135 telephone networks), bridges (more than 100), roads, highways, railroads, hundreds of locomotives and boxcars full of goods, radio and television broadcasting stations, cement plants, and factories producing aluminum, textiles, electric cables, and medical supplies. The missiles were fired at both military and civilian targets. Type 69 The Saudi government issued all its citizens and expatriates with gas masks in the event of Iraq using missiles with warheads containing chemical weapons. Despite the intense combat, the Americans repulsed the Iraqis and continued to advance towards Kuwait City. This prompted a reexamination by Amnesty International, which had originally promoted an account alleging even greater numbers of babies torn from incubators than the original fake testimony. [178] Operating on the left flank of the US XVIII Airborne Corps, the French Army force was the Division Daguet, including troops from the French Foreign Legion. About 25% of Saudi Arabia's contribution was paid with in-kind services to the troops, such as food and transportation. They appeared to be Iraqi Soviet-made BTRs and tanks. [147] Later that evening the Task Force received enemy artillery fire but suffered no casualties. US Marines had to fight for hours before securing the airport, after which Kuwait was declared secure. [158] Once into Iraqi territory Task Force 1-41 Infantry encountered multiple Iraqi defensive positions and bunkers. This unit was deployed via aircraft in both northern and southern Iraq. [38] Kuwait rejected Iraqi attempts to secure further provisions in the region. Allied forces only lost 7 M1A1 Abrams tanks, 15 Bradley tanks, 2 armored personnel carriers, and 1 Apache helicopter. The Australians played a significant role in enforcing the sanctions put in place against Iraq following Kuwait's invasion. [102] It was the largest coalition since World War II. Local media outlets in cities across the USA screened similar oppositional media. "[122][123], Five hours after the first attacks, Iraq's state radio broadcast declared that "The dawn of victory nears as this great showdown begins." According to John Childs and André Corvisier, a low estimate shows the Iraqi Army capable of fielding 4,500 tanks, 484 combat aircraft and 232 combat helicopters. Coalition troops also captured nearly 22,000 men. The Iraqis suffered massive losses and lost dozens of tanks and vehicles, while US casualties were comparatively low, with a single Bradley knocked out. US decoy attacks by air attacks and naval gunfire the night before Kuwait's liberation were designed to make the Iraqis believe the main coalition ground attack would focus on central Kuwait. were used to backfill critical vacancies created by the deployment of On the February 26th, 1991, at the Battle of 73 Eastings, the superior technology and training of the M1 Abrams and its crews came . On CBS, viewers were watching a report from correspondent Allen Pizzey, reporting from Baghdad, when the war began. After the invasion, the Iraqi military looted over $1,000,000,000 in banknotes from Kuwait's Central Bank. [163] Some consider the battle of Medina Ridge the largest tank battle of the war. Allied forces were keen to demonstrate their weapons' accuracy. By 2000, the United Nations Environment Programme estimated that 90% of the marshlands had disappeared, causing desertification of over 7,500 square miles (19,000 km2). A-10's & OA-10's Deployed to Desert Storm. But, moments later, Shepard returned as flashes of light were seen on the horizon and tracer fire was heard on the ground. An estimated 1,300 tanks, 1,200 infantry fighting vehicles, 285 artillery pieces, and 100 air defense systems were destroyed. As a result, Israel's government issued gas masks to its citizens. It is one of several reasons coalition forces dominated the air war. Precision-guided munitions amounted to approximately 7.4% of all bombs dropped by the coalition. This joint effort would become known as Task Force Iron. World Reaction. On Aug. 2, 1990, Saddam Hussein led a well-equipped Iraqi army into Kuwait, a major supplier of oil to the United States. The ODI factored in elements of "cost" which included oil imports, remittance flows, re-settlement costs, loss of export earnings and tourism. U.S. Department of Defense photo. After the decisive Iraqi victory, Saddam initially installed a puppet regime known as the "Provisional Government of Free Kuwait" before installing his cousin Ali Hassan al-Majid as Kuwait's governor on 8 August. On 22 January 1991, a Scud missile hit the Israeli city of Ramat Gan, after two coalition Patriots failed to intercept it. A British crew from CBS News, David Green and Andy Thompson, equipped with satellite transmission equipment, traveled with the front line forces and, having transmitted live TV pictures of the fighting en route, arrived the day before the forces in Kuwait City, broadcasting live television from the city and covering the entrance of the Arab forces the next day. These eight-man patrols landed behind Iraqi lines to gather intelligence on the movements of Scud mobile missile launchers, which could not be detected from the air, as they were hidden under bridges and camouflage netting during the day. Hussein invaded Kuwait Aug. 2, 1990, and within days, President George H.W. [118] The air campaign was commanded by USAF Lieutenant General Chuck Horner, who briefly served as US Central Command's Commander-in-Chief – Forward while General Schwarzkopf was still in the US. [159] The Iraqis engaged the Task Force with small arms fire, RPGs, mortar fire, and what was left of Iraqi artillery assets. [237] After the Gulf War, the Kuwaiti authorities forcibly pressured nearly 200,000 Palestinians to leave Kuwait in 1991. The sorties were launched mostly from Saudi Arabia and the six carrier battle groups (CVBG) in the Persian Gulf and Red Sea. A National Security Planning Group meeting was formed, chaired by then Vice President George H. W. Bush, to review US options. [221] This movement's left flank was protected by the French Division Daguet. [84] Following the first attacks, Israeli Air Force jets were deployed to patrol the northern airspace with Iraq. Many civilians did not trust American soldiers. Deep Dish Television compiled segments from independent producers in the US and abroad, and produced a 10-hour series that was distributed internationally, called The Gulf Crisis TV Project. [194] According to the Project on Defense Alternatives study, 3,664 Iraqi civilians were killed in the conflict. [247][248] Nichol and Peters were forced to make statements against the war on television. [235] In his book The Wars Against Saddam, John Simpson alleges that US forces attempted to cover up the incident. When Iraqi President Saddam Hussein expelled Abu Nidal to Syria at the US's request in November 1983, the Reagan administration sent Donald Rumsfeld to meet Saddam as a special envoy and to cultivate ties. [170] The 101st Airborne Division travelled a further 80 to 100 km (50 to 60 mi) into Iraq. The following names have been used to describe the conflict itself: "It was the principal U.S. heavy tank used in the Gulf War. While the death toll among coalition forces engaging Iraqi combatants was very low, a substantial number of deaths were caused by accidental attacks from other Allied units. However, it paved the way for the later introduction of Radio Five Live. Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq, Kuwait, and areas on Saudi Arabia's border. Somewhere around 6 million barrels (950,000 m3) of oil were lost each day. This engineer vehicle saw service in Vietnam and was used during the Gulf War. [219] There has been widespread speculation and disagreement about the causes of the illness and the possibly related birth defects. The highly radioactive isotopes are used for reactor fuel and for nuclear weapons. Envoy", "Saddam's message of friendship to president Bush (Wikileaks telegram 90BAGHDAD4237)", "The Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm Timeline", "Kuwait: Organization and Mission of the Forces", "Iraqis loot Kuwait's central bank of gold, cash", "Saddam's Security Apparatus During the Invasion of Kuwait and the Kuwaiti Resistance", "Two ethnicities, three generations: Phonological variation and change in Kuwait", "Persian Gulf War, Desert Storm – War with Iraqi", "Confrontation in the Gulf: Behind Bush's Hard Line; Washington Considers a Clear Iraqi Defeat To Be Necessary to Bolster Its Arab Allies", "Confrontation in the Gulf; Proposals by Iraqi President: Excerpts From His Address", "MIDDLE EAST CRISIS Secret Offer Iraq Sent Pullout Deal to U.S", "Iraq Offers Deal to Quit Kuwait U.S. rejects it, but stays 'interested, "CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF; Arafat Eases Stand on Kuwait-Palestine Link", "CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF; As U.S. Officials See It, Hands of Aziz Were Tied", "CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF: France; Paris Says Its Last-Ditch Peace Effort Has Failed", "15 Years After Desert Storm, U.S. American-made color photocopiers were used to produce some of Iraq's battle plans. [180], Argentina was the only Latin American country to participate in the 1991 Gulf War. The M551 "Sheridan" AR/AAV (Armored Reconnaissance/Airborne Assault Vehicle) was a light tank developed by the United States and named after General Philip Sheridan, of American Civil War fame. Another 12 Bradleys were damaged, but four of these were quickly repaired. [149] Task Force 3-37th Armor breached the Iraqi defense clearing four passage lanes and expanding the gap under direct enemy fire. These are sometimes incorrectly used as the conflict's overall name, especially the US Desert Storm: The US divided the conflict into three major campaigns: Precision-guided munitions were heralded as key in allowing military strikes to be made with a minimum of civilian casualties compared to previous wars, although they were not used as often as more traditional, less accurate bombs. Air superiority allowed innovative employment of A-10s in a variety of roles. Because of this rejection, Gulf War veterans must prove their illness was related to their wartime activities. Shortly afterwards, the US VII Corps, in full strength and spearheaded by the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment, launched an armored attack into Iraq early on 24 February, just to the west of Kuwait, surprising Iraqi forces. And the answer is, not that damned many. The increased importance of air attacks from both coalition warplanes and cruise missiles led to controversy over the number of civilian deaths caused during Desert Storm's initial stages. They were joined by 36 F-15 A-Ds from the 36th Tactical Fighter Wing at Bitburg, Germany. Like other tanks in the Iraqi inventory, Lions were mainly employed as armored self-propelled artillery, rather than in maneuver warfare roles. Manufacturers built 2,987 Matilda IIs between 1940 and 1943. ", This page was last edited on 4 September 2021, at 06:35. Over 14,000 rounds were fired during these missions. The commander of a Kuwaiti armored battalion, 35th Armoured Brigade, deployed them against the Iraqi attack and conducted a robust defense at the Battle of the Bridges near Al Jahra, west of Kuwait City. Saddam immediately used funding to incorporate central intelligence into Syria and ultimately prevented the impending air strike. Iraq was thought to have between 1,800 and 2,000 tanks in working order, compared with at least 5,500 before the 1991 Gulf War. Reviews the people, events, and chronologies of the war, including lists of deployed military units, primary weapons used, and the politics behind the military maneuvering US forces had M1A1 and M1A2 Abrams main battle tanks. [221][222][223] In 2004, Iraq had the highest mortality rate due to leukemia of any country. Assad had a deep personal enmity towards Saddam, which was defined by the fact that "Saddam had been trying to kill him [Assad] for years." The Canadian Task Group led the coalition's maritime logistics forces in the Persian Gulf. This, the first volume in the Project 1946 series, is provided in the hope that it will improve our understanding of Middle Eastern military though, the new Iraqi military, neighboring countries, and the dynamics of a region vital to U.S. ... [124], Iraq hoped to provoke a military response from Israel. [75] The Arab states of Yemen and Jordan – a Western ally which bordered Iraq and relied on the country for economic support[76] – opposed military intervention from non-Arab states. Some authors have called it the Second Gulf War to distinguish it from the Iran–Iraq War. We cannot come all the way to you in the United States, but individual Arabs may reach you ... We do not place America among the enemies. Thunderbolt II "Warthog". DU is a byproduct of the Uranium (U) enrichment process where natural U from the earth's crust is 'enriched' with . Some felt that the war was an internal Arab affair or did not want to increase US influence in the Middle East. Thousands of Iraqi troops were killed. The Iraqi attack had two prongs, with the primary attack force driving south straight for Kuwait City down the main highway, and a supporting attack force entering Kuwait farther west, but then turning and driving east, cutting off Kuwait City from the country's southern half. "Gulf War POW denounces abuse of Iraqi detainees". The 22nd managed to secure use of another 2,200 flatbed trucks and 450 lowboys, all of which could lug heavy loads. Iraq fired eight missiles the next day. The untold story of the world's fiercest tank battle. The coalition flew over 100,000 sorties, dropping 88,500 tonnes of bombs,[117] which widely destroyed military and civilian infrastructure. [128] Extensive property damage was also caused, and, according to the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "Damage to general property consisted of 1,302 houses, 6,142 apartments, 23 public buildings, 200 shops and 50 cars. Following the invasion and annexation of Kuwait by Iraq, on September 25, 1990 the Italian Government sent eight multirole fighter bombers Tornado IDS (plus two spare) in the Persian gulf, belonging to the 6º, 36º and 50º Stormo, which were deployed at the Al Dhafra Air Base, near Abu Dhabi, in United Arab Emirates. They'd already learned to scamper off into the desert when our aircraft started to attack. World War II: Matilda, Valentine and Churchill. Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) and satellite communication systems were also important. On 15 July 1990, Saddam's government laid out its combined objections to the Arab League, including that policy moves were costing Iraq $1 billion a year, that Kuwait was still using the Rumaila oil field, that loans made by the UAE and Kuwait could not be considered debts to its "Arab brothers". ", Middle East Review of International Affairs, "Iraq surveys show 'humanitarian emergency, "Truth and death in Iraq under sanctions", American University School of International Service, "Duke Magazine-Oil Spill-After the Deluge", "V: "Thunder And Lightning"- The War With Iraq (Subsection:The War at Sea)", "The Impact of the Gulf Crisis on Developing Countries", "Picture power: Death of an Iraqi soldier", "Famous Pictures Magazine – Iraqi Soldier", "Gulf War Coverage: The Worst Censorship Was at Home", "Something wrong with our **** chips today", "The Performance of the Patriot Missile in the war", Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Observer review: Jarhead by Anthony Swofford", "Allies Deliberately Poisoned Iraq Public Water Supply in Gulf War", "U.S. Claims Iraqi Nuclear Reactors Hit Hard", "Independent Policy Forum Luncheon Honoring", "Bibliography: The First U.S. – Iraq War: Desert Shield and Desert Storm (1990–1991)", "The United States Navy in Desert Shield/Desert Storm", "Japan's Response to the Persian Gulf Crisis: Implications for U.S.-Japan Relations", "Third World War in the Gulf: A New World Order", "The Gulf War: an in-depth examination of the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf crisis", "Report to Congress on the Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, Chapter 6", the evacuation of 170,000 Indians stranded in the war zone, Barbara Walters Interview with General Schwarzkopf, Coalition commander in the Persian Gulf War, Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives, Master Index of Desert Storm Oral History Interviews, United States Army Center of Military History, Bibliography of the Desert Shield and Desert Storm, 20th Anniversary of Desert Storm in Photos, Air Force and Air Defense of Iraq before the war (not translated) exact list of the technical details, Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm: Valorous Unit Award Citations, Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine, Length of U.S. participation in major wars, Bush School of Government and Public Service, Negotiations for the North American Free Trade Agreement, What It Takes: The Way to the White House, George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee, The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty, Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region, 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972, Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States, American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulf_War&oldid=1042293182, 20th-century military history of the United States, United States Marine Corps in the 20th century, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles needing additional references from December 2018, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2011, Articles with limited geographic scope from January 2010, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure, Brands, H. W. "George Bush and the Gulf War of 1991. The 82nd Airborne Division . Three elderly people suffered fatal heart attacks, another 96 people were injured, and 20 apartment buildings were damaged. Fought in 1990-91, this conflict saw the largest single deployment of British troops since the Second World War (1939-45). Your presence here, and in other places, is meant to prevent the scourge of war. Studies dispute the number of people who died in south and central Iraq during the years of the sanctions. Arguing that the endeavor was anything but simple, Bourque tells the full story of the VII Corps from its deployment to Saudi Arabia, through its phases of preparation and its offensive against the Iraqi Army, to finally its return to ... [202] This analysis is based on Iraqi prisoner of war reports. Both Royal Air Force and Naval Air Squadrons, using various aircraft, operated from airbases in Saudi Arabia and Naval Air Squadrons from various vessels in the Persian Gulf. Many have cited its use during the war as a contributing factor to a number of major health issues in veterans and in surrounding civilian populations, including in birth defects and child cancer rates. The M-26s and their crews were up to the challenge and the T-34's aura of invincibility was forever broken. A-10 Gulf War Statistics. It also played a major role in the . [90][91][92] France dropped this proposal when it found "no tangible sign of interest" from Baghdad.[93]. [173], In the North, Kurdish leaders took American statements that they would support an uprising to heart, and began fighting, hoping to trigger a coup d'état. [252] Osama bin Laden interpreted the Islamic prophet Muhammad as banning the "permanent presence of infidels in Arabia". A total of 48 US Air Force F-15s from the 1st Fighter Wing at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, landed in Saudi Arabia and immediately commenced round-the-clock air patrols of the Saudi–Kuwait–Iraq border to discourage further Iraqi military advances. Depleted Uranium. The success of "Operación Alfil" (English: "Operation Bishop") with more than 700 interceptions and 25,000 nautical miles (46,000 km) sailed in the theatre of operations helped to overcome the so-called "Malvinas syndrome". The Iraqi government hoped that many Arab states would withdraw from the Coalition, as they would be reluctant to fight alongside Israel. The policy had been spelled out in a Pentagon document entitled Annex Foxtrot. The UK drew the border between Kuwait and Iraq in 1922, making Iraq almost entirely landlocked. [141] Shortly after arrival in theatre Task Force 1–41 Infantry received a counter-reconnaissance mission. Gulf War (August 2, 1990 to present), includes Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. With 12 divisions on the battlefield, this was the second largest tank battle in U.S. history and the largest of the Gulf War. When the air war began, the CF-18s were integrated into the coalition force and were tasked with providing air cover and attacking ground targets. The Gulf War started when Iraq's President Saddam Hussein ordered his troops to invade oil-rich Kuwait on 2 August 1990.. His action was immediately condemned by the UN and sanctions were imposed on Iraq to pressure them into withdrawing. The Emir and key ministers fled south along the highway for refuge in Saudi Arabia. Author and military expert Anthony Tucker-Jones, who was an analyst for British Defense Intelligence at the time of the conflict, describes the armed forces that were ranged against each other, including troops, armored vehicles, artillery ... Specifically, he called for Israel to withdraw from occupied territories in Palestine, Syria, and Lebanon, Syria to withdraw from Lebanon, and "mutual withdrawals by Iraq and Iran and arrangement for the situation in Kuwait." It was not only the limitation of information in the Middle East; media were also restricting what was shown about the war with more graphic depictions like Ken Jarecke's image of a burnt Iraqi soldier being pulled from the American AP wire whereas in Europe it was given extensive coverage.[269][270][271]. The Overseas Development Institute (ODI) undertook a study in 1991 to assess the effects on developing states and the international community's response. Baker then moved to enter talks with Egypt, whose leadership he considered "the moderate voice of the Middle East". 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