Found inside – Page 395Pharmacokinetic Properties of Ethylene Glycol Ethylene glycol is a colorless, odorless substance; it appears to have color because artificial coloring is ... ETO sterilization can take up to 12 hours due to its slow action upon microorganisms, and lengthy processing and aeration time.[128]. [29] These side-products are highly reactive and produce volatile aromatic amines which are responsible for the unpleasant odor. These acids accelerate the corrosion of metals in the system. Found inside – Page 29This response indicates a reduction in color influence during biological ... Commercial grade antifreeze , largely ethylene glycol , was tested and found to ... Found inside – Page 12MISCELLANEOUS INHIBITORS FOR ETHYLENE GLYCOL Reference Copper Brass ... chromates changes from a yellow , " safe " color to green or " unsafe " color . The reduction catalysts include mixtures of zinc dust and acetic acid, of lithium aluminium hydride with titanium trichloride (the reducing agent is actually titanium dichloride, formed by the reaction between LiAlH4 and TiCl3) and of iron(III) chloride with butyllithium in tetrahydrofuran.[47]. 1,3-Butadiene, Ethylene Oxide and Vinyl Halides (Vinyl Fluoride, Vinyl Chloride and Vinyl Bromide)", "Shell Chemical LP – Geismar, United States of America", "Shell Nederland Chemie BV – Moerdijk, Netherlands", "Ethylene Oxide (EO) Uses and Market Data", OMEGA delivers for ethylene glycol makers, "13.1.3.5. It is not however used widely. Ethylene glycol was used in pre-2002 Aqua-Hot systems with the exterior domestic hot water loop design. [16], Most commercial antifreeze formulations include corrosion inhibiting compounds, and a colored dye (commonly a fluorescent green, red, orange, yellow, or blue) to aid in identification. Found inside – Page 1462Some characteristic smells and urine colors are listed in Table 67.9 and Box 67.8. Bedside Toxicologic Tests on Urine Ethylene Glycol Evaluation of the ... For simplicity, most automotive manufacturers recommend periodic complete replacement of engine coolant, to simultaneously renew corrosion inhibitors and remove accumulated contaminants. We do not control or have responsibility for the content of any third-party site. They are used today for a variety of applications, including automobiles, but there are lower-toxicity alternatives made with propylene glycol available. With proper antifreeze, a wide temperature range can be tolerated by the engine coolant, such as −34 Â°F (−37 Â°C) to +265 Â°F (129 Â°C) for 50% (by volume) propylene glycol diluted with water and a 15 psi pressurized coolant system.[3][4]. Dogs may appear to transiently recover from these CNS signs ~12 hr after ingestion. In vaping it is used to provide a ‘throat hit’, which some users claim is similar to the sensation experienced when smoking tobacco. [25], According to the DEX-COOL manufacturer, "mixing a 'green' [non-OAT] coolant with DEX-COOL reduces the batch's change interval to 2 years or 30,000 miles, but will otherwise cause no damage to the engine". Most antifreeze is made by mixing distilled water with additives and a base product – MEG (Mono ethylene glycol) or MPG (Mono propylene glycol). Found inside – Page 132H H Ethylene glycol OH H C C H Glycoaldehyde Alcohol dehydrogenase Aldehyde dehydrogenase H O OH HCC H Glycolic acid OH O or glycolic acid oxidase O Lactic ... [72], The catalyst for the reaction is metallic silver deposited on various matrixes, including pumice, silica gel, various silicates and aluminosilicates, alumina and silicon carbide, and activated by certain additives (antimony, bismuth, barium peroxide, etc.). Renal tubular epithelial necrosis with calcium oxalate crystals in the tubular lumina is the characteristic finding of EG intoxication. Thiocyanate ions or thiourea transform ethylene oxide into thiirane (ethylene sulfide):[54], Reaction of phosphorus pentachloride with ethylene oxide produces ethylene dichloride:[32], Other dichloro derivatives of ethylene oxide can be obtained by combined action of sulfuryl chloride (SOCl2) and pyridine and of triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrachloride. The minimum lethal dose of undiluted EG is 1.4 mL/kg body wt in cats, 4.4 mL/kg in dogs, 7–8 mL/kg in poultry, and 2–10 mL/kg in cattle. [22] The general reaction scheme is. Summary Propylene glycol is a synthetic, colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid that … Ethylene oxide is one of the most important raw materials used in large-scale chemical production. A 2003 study of 7,576 women exposed while at work in commercial sterilization facilities in the US suggests ethylene oxide is associated with breast cancer incidence. Thus, in-order to prevent them from building up in the system, they are continuously bled off. [49], Liquid ethylene oxide can form polyethylene glycols. CO2 de-scrubber: The above potassium carbonate solution (enriched with CO2) is then sent to the CO2 de-scrubber where CO2 is de-scrubbed by stepwise (usually two steps) flashing. [136] NIOSH has determined that the Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health level (IDLH) is 800 ppm. Propylene glycol oxidizes to lactic acid.[8]. A propylene glycol based antifreeze that is nontoxic, noncorrosive, and can be customized by percent concentration and color. Tolytriazole-myth and misconceptions. Found inside – Page 1260n the other hand, a treatment of 24 h with ethylene plus 48 h without ethylene is recommended for fruit with an external color index higher than -2,” wrote ... The prognosis for these animals is guarded to poor. Monohydrate calcium oxalate crystals (clear, 6-sided prisms) are more common than dihydrate calcium oxalate crystals (maltese cross or envelope-shaped). [27] This technology is typically used in Asian makes and is often dyed red or blue. These problems are addressed by the development of alternative coolants with improved properties. [15] Propylene glycol solutions cannot be tested using specific gravity because of ambiguous results (40% and 100% solutions have the same specific gravity),[15] although typical uses rarely exceed 60% concentration. Treatment should include correction of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders and, if possible, induction of diuresis. In 2009, demand is estimated to have declined to about 5.2 Mt (5.7 million short tons). Serum osmolality can be increased as much as 100 mOsm/kg above normal (280–310 mOsm/kg) within 3 hr of EG ingestion. [55], Phosphorus trichloride reacts with ethylene oxide forming chloroethyl esters of phosphorous acid:[32], The reaction product of ethylene oxide with acyl chlorides in the presence of sodium iodide is a complex iodoethyl ester:[55], Heating ethylene oxide to 100 °C with carbon dioxide, in a non-polar solvent in the presence of bis-(triphenylphosphine)-nickel(0) results in ethylene carbonate:[56], In industry, a similar reaction is carried out at high pressure and temperature in the presence of quaternary ammonium or phosphonium salts as a catalyst. [76] This places ethylene oxide 14th most produced organic chemical, whereas the most produced one was ethylene with 113 Mt (125 million short tons). [108], Ethylene oxide is used as a fungicide and as an accelerator of maturation of tobacco leaves. Suppression of this activity can be done by blanketing with an inert gas until total pressure reaches the nonexplosive range. [129], Toxicity data for ethylene oxide are as follows:[135], Global EO demand has expanded from 16.6 Mt (18.3 million short tons) in 2004 to 20 Mt (22 million short tons) in 2009, while demand for refined EO expanded from 4.64 Mt (5.11 million short tons) in 2004 to 5.6 Mt (6.2 million short tons) in 2008. EG is rapidly absorbed from the GI tract; in dogs, blood concentrations of EG peak within 3 hr of ingestion. The dissolution of CO2 is not only a physical phenomenon, but a chemical phenomenon as well, for, the CO2 reacts with potassium carbonate to produce potassium hydrogen carbonate. To maintain this temperature, the cooling system of the reactor plays a vital role. It is therefore referred to as the "flexible chamber sterilization" method, or the "gas diffusion sterilization" method. Its excess energy is about 355.6 kJ/mol, which exceeds by 29.3 kJ/mol the binding energy of the C-C bond in acetaldehyde. It is used as antifreeze where ethylene glycol would be inappropriate, such as in food-processing systems or in water pipes in homes where incidental ingestion may be possible. [13][14] Glycerol is mandated for use as an antifreeze in many sprinkler systems. It was further improved in 1958 by Shell Oil Co. by replacing air with oxygen and using elevated temperature of 200–300 °C (390–570 °F) and pressure (1–3 MPa (150–440 psi)). Because it is a strained ring, ethylene oxide easily participates in a number of addition reactions that result in ring-opening. Common additives include sodium silicate, disodium phosphate, sodium molybdate, sodium borate, denatonium benzoate and dextrin (hydroxyethyl starch). [110], Gas chromatography is the principal method for analysis and detection of ethylene oxide.[78]. [26], Between −91 and 10.5 °C (−131.8 and 50.9 °F), vapor pressure p (in mmHg) varies with temperature (T in °C) as, Ethylene oxide readily reacts with diverse compounds with opening of the ring. [17] A 1:1 dilution with water is usually used, resulting in a freezing point of about −34 Â°F (−37 Â°C), depending on the formulation. Antifreeze was developed to overcome the shortcomings of water as a heat transfer fluid. Our doctors define difficult medical language in easy-to-understand explanations of over 19,000 medical terms. Engine Cooling Testing: Why use a refractometer? Traditionally, there were two major corrosion inhibitors used in vehicles: silicates and phosphates. The most common water-based antifreeze solutions used in electronics cooling are mixtures of water and either ethylene glycol (EGW) or propylene glycol (PGW). It however has only a 100 Â°C liquid range, and it expands upon freezing. On that basis, treatment similar to ethylene glycol intoxication may be of benefit. Found inside – Page 875C. freneyi is able to grow at 20°C, ferments glucose at 42°C, and does not acidify ethylene glycol, while C. xerosis strains do not grow at 20°C and do not ... When heated it may rapidly expand, causing fire and explosion. The first of these to reach a decision was in Missouri, where a settlement was announced early in December 2007. [69], Older factories typically use air for oxidation whereas newer plants and processes, such as METEOR and Japan Catalytic, favor oxygen.[71]. Fire suppression is reached only upon dilution with water above 22:1. Pigs may also have pulmonary edema with tan fluid in the pleural and peritoneal cavities. It produces ethylene glycol when processed. Ethylene glycol is listed as a toxic chemical requiring care in handling and disposal. Glycolic acid and oxalate are the metabolites thought to be most responsible for acute tubular necrosis associated with EG ingestion. MedTerms medical dictionary is the medical terminology for MedicineNet.com. [25] Ethylene oxide is readily soluble in water, ethanol, diethyl ether and many organic solvents. A safe and effective propylene glycol based capture liquid for fruit fly traps baited with synthetic lures; Florida Entomologist, June, 2008 by Donald B. Thomas, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, "Dispelling the Myths of Heat Transfer Fluids Presentation", "Molecule of the Month: Antifreeze Proteins", National Association of Corrosion Engineers, "An on-line cleaning procedure used to remove iron and microbiological fouling from a critical glycol-contaminated closed-loop cooling water system,", "Selecting and maintaining glycol based heat transfer fluids,", "An investigation of the degradation of aqueous ethylene glycol and propylene glycol solutions using ion chromatography,", "An Evaluation of Glycerin (Glycerol) as a Heavy Duty Engine Antifreeze/Coolant Base", "Proposed ASTM Engine Coolant Standards Focus on Glycerin". ), clothing, furs and valuable documents.[101]. By contrast, corrosion inhibitors are gradually used up, and must be replenished from time to time. PGW is generally recognized as safe for use in food or food processing applications, and can also be used in enclosed spaces. [90] Shell OMEGA technology (Only Mono-Ethylene Glycol Advantage) is a two-step synthesis of ethylene carbonate using a phosphonium halide as a catalyst. With the aging of the catalyst, its selectivity decreases and it produces more exothermic side products of CO2. The boiling point can be similarly determined by a concentration given from one of the three methods. [130][131] Ethylene oxide is classified as a class 2 carcinogen by the German MAK commission and as a class A2 carcinogen by the ACGIH. The produced iodic acid is detected with silver nitrate. The use of alkaline catalysts may lead to the formation of polyethylene glycol: Reactions with alcohols proceed similarly yielding ethylene glycol ethers: Reactions with lower alcohols occur less actively than with water and require more severe conditions, such as heating to 160 °C (320 °F) and pressurizing to 3 MPa (440 psi) and adding an acid or alkali catalyst. Found inside – Page 14Recent reviews of mechanistic studies on ethylene glycol developmental toxicity ... determinations of urine volume , specific gravity , color , clarity , pH ... Disubstituted products are obtained with a small excess of ethylene oxide, at a temperature of 120–140 °C (250–280 °F) and a pressure of 0.3–0.5 MPa (45–75 psi). [100], The direct use of ethylene oxide accounts for only 0.05% (2004 data) of its global production.

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